Within the RVLM, there is also the ventral respiratory column, which is known to be the center of control of respiratory rhythm and pattern. The rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVLM) has been found to have the excitatory neurons that carry information to the pre-sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord, which maintain baseline arterial pressure. The cardiovascular-respiratory function of the medulla: Multiple studies show that the cardiovascular system and the respiratory system unite as one regulating system within a specific part of the medulla. Each nucleus in the medulla or tract passing through will have a separate explanation below. The medulla includes multiple nuclei and tracts that have information from the spinal cord as well as the higher cortex. The basis, most ventral layer, has the pyramid decussation at the medulla. The tegmentum consists of the inferior olivary nucleus and the cranial nerve nuclei of IX, X, XI, XII. The tectum of the medulla involves the inferior medullary velum, which is the most inferior posterior part of the fourth ventricle. The medulla, including the pons and the midbrain, is divided into three laminae, from dorsal to ventral, called the tectum, tegmentum, and basis, respectively. The posterior surface of the medulla can divide into two parts, the inferior part, which has median sulcus continuous with the spinal cord, and the superior part, which forms the lower floor of the fourth ventricle. Anterior to the medulla oblongata is the median fissure, which connects with the median fissure of the spinal cord. The medulla is the most caudal aspect of the brainstem, approximately at the level of the foramen magnum. Motor neurons cross from the left motor cortex to the right side of the spinal cord in the medulla. It is comprised of the cardiovascular-respiratory regulation system, descending motor tracts, ascending sensory tracts, and origin of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII. The medulla oblongata is the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord, carrying multiple important functional centers.
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